Pulmonologists lead the fight against rising respiratory diseases in Africa

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Pulmonologists are increasingly taking centre stage in Africa’s health care systems as the region grapples with a growing burden of respiratory diseases that continue to go undiagnosed and untreated.

Sub-Saharan Africa accounts for 31.5 percent of the global burden of chronic respiratory diseases, with millions living with conditions such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), according to data from the National Library of Medicine.

Despite this heavy burden, many patients remain undiagnosed due to limited access to lung-function testing and specialised care, placing pulmonologists at the frontline of diagnosing and managing life-threatening breathing conditions.

Pulmonologists, specialists trained to treat diseases of the respiratory system, play a critical role in both emergency and long-term care, often stepping in when patients struggle to breathe in critical care settings.

Highlighting the importance of the specialty, St. George’s University (SGU) School of Medicine says pulmonology combines advanced diagnostics, analytical expertise and high-impact patient care.

SGU alumnus and practicing pulmonologist Dr Sámal Jakobsen said the field covers a wide range of conditions, from common respiratory complaints to complex diseases.

“We see patients with cough, dyspnea, COPD, asthma, pulmonary fibrosis, pleural disease, and manage the initial workup for suspected lung cancer,” he said.

Jakobsen added that pulmonologists are also involved in outpatient and palliative care, underscoring the specialty’s long-term relationship with patients.

“We also provide outpatient care and even palliative care in patients’ homes,” he said.

Experts say the growing number of respiratory cases globally makes early diagnosis and intervention critical in improving patient outcomes.

“Many people never get proper workups, and COPD often goes undiagnosed. Quick diagnosis and treatment make all the difference,” Jakobsen noted.

For medical professionals, the specialty requires a strong foundation in internal medicine, as well as hands-on clinical skills and patient-centred care.

As respiratory diseases continue to rise, pulmonologists are expected to play an even bigger role in strengthening healthcare systems and improving access to life-saving diagnosis and treatment across the continent.